3.19 b) F1 x F1 Cross

3.19) Describe pattern of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram

F1 = First Generation

3.19a) P1 x P1 Cross

3.19) Describe pattern of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram
P = parents

3.18) Phenotype and Genotype

3.18) Recall the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype and codominance

Phenotype

Genotype

3.2) Fertilization

Understand that fertilization involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

The process of fertilization begins with the adults male and female.

The cells in testis and ovaries both have complete set of chromosomes (called diploid, or 2n), meaning both have 46 chromosomes each.

Theses cells divide to form cells with half set of chromosome (23 each) in the process called meiosis. We go from a diploid number to a haploid number, n. 

This leaves us with 23 chromosomes in each sperm and egg cell.

In sexual reproduction, these two cells are brought together and are joined/fused to form just one cell. This process is known as fertilization. It involved a combining of half set and half set of chromosomes to form a full set of chromosome.

n + n = 2n

This cell is called zygote, which is combination of male and female chromosomes. 

The zygote then go through a process called mitosis in which the cell will divide to give two cells (in which both contains complete set of chromosome). As a result, all cells contain 2n/diploid number of chromosome. 

When we have sufficient cells, the structure would be called an embryo. 

Such process holds through for all sexually reproducing organisms. 

3.9 b) Female Reproductive System

Recall the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems

Before the pregnancy occur, the size of the uterus is no larger than an orange.

Structure & Function

Ovary - where meiosis occurs; production of eggs

Oviducts (fallopian tube) - carry the eggs to the uterus and where fertilization takes place

Uterus - structure in the center (womb) 

a) wall of uterus - made of muscle that stretch to accommodate a pregnancy

b) lining of uterus - accepts and develops the fertilizing eggs which will develop into the embryo and the child, as well as the development of the placenta

Uterus space - where the sperm cells and eggs cells moves … where embryo developed into unborn child

Cervix - entrance of sperm cells to the uterus 

Vagina - (where the penis is introduced at the end and the sperm cells enters the uterus)

collects sperm cells and travel them into the uterus

3.9 a) Male Reproductive System

Recall the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems

Structures & Functions

Bladder - store urine

Testis - carry out process of meiosis that produce that gamete called sperm cells

Epididymis - tube system that store sperm cells

Vas deferens - carry sperm cells to penis during sexual stimulation

Sperm cells travel through...

Prostate - produce 20-30% of the volume of semen which contains sugars and is alkali (to neutralize the acidic secretion within the vagina)

Seminal Vesicles - produce sugar base and alkali secretion (70% of the semen in which the sperm cells can travel)

Sperm + Seminal Vesicles + Prostate ----> Semen (male reproductive fluid)

Semen travels down the...

Urethra - common tube which joins the left and right testis and the left and right vas deferens that takes semen down the penis, as well as the urine

Penis - carry sperm cells into the vagina during sexual intercourse

3.12) Amniotic fluid

3.12) Amniotic Fluid

Understand how the developing embryo is protected by amniotic fluid

Inside the uterus space surrounding the embryo is a fluid called amniotic fluid. 

The function of the amniotic fluid is to protect the developing embryo. The fluid is largely water. As a result, it cannot be compress. If any blows force is applied to the outside of uterus wall, it absorbs the pressure, preventing damage to unborn child. 

3.11) Placenta

Describe the role of the placenta in the nutrition of the developing embryo

Placenta is an organ the connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. 

(Fetus is an unborn offspring of mammals.)

(Uterus is the organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal, where offspring are conceived and in which they are gestate before birth; the womb.)

The child in the uterus is surrounded by amniotic fluid. As a result, the child cannot digest, breath and carry out excretion. 

The placenta structure connects the maternal blood vessel into the child's blood vessel. 

The child obtains nutrition by the umbilical cord in the placenta structure growing out of the embryo, NOT out of the mother. 

Blood vessels inside the placenta, including arteries and veins, are blood vessels of the child. 

The placenta is going into the wall of uterus. 

In the blood stream of mother it would have glucose, amino acid and fats which will travel through her blood stream (maternal blood vessel) and into the wall of the uterus. There, the molecules will cross into the child's blood at the placenta. Then such molecules will go from the mother's blood into the child's blood, crossing the placenta.

The placenta has a large surface area and thin barrier. 

The child also produce waste such as carbon dioxide and urea into the mother's blood who will be responsible of the excretion.